Mongolia The kids of Mongolia: Oyanga Mongolia is a country in northern Asia, in between China and Russia. It has some mountains, some desert, and some plains. Mongolia has a mostly desert climate, but there can also be very large changes in temperature between seasons or even during the day. Most of the people in Mongolia speak a language called Khalkha Mongol. Some also speak Turkic or Russian. The capital of Mongolia is Ulaanbaatar. Click here for links to more information about Mongolia.